References

Barker CIS, Groeneweg G, Maitland-van der Zee AH Pharmacogenomic testing in paediatrics: Clinical implementation strategies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2022; 88:(10)4297-4310 https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.15181

Bashore L, Trinkman H Pharmacogenomics in Pediatrics. In: Halsey D, Cheek D, Brazeau D, Brazeau G 2015

Hoshitsuki K, Fernandez CA, Yang JJ Pharmacogenomics for Drug Dosing in Children: Current Use, Knowledge, and Gaps. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021; 61:(Suppl 1)S188-S192 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.1891

Codeine for analgesia: restricted use in children because of reports of morphine toxicity.London: MHRA; 2014

Parry CM, Hawcutt D Fifteen-minute consultation: Pharmacogenomics: a guide for busy clinicians. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2020; 105:(2)107-110 https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2019-316971

Rieder MJ, Carleton B Pharmacogenomics and adverse drug reactions in children. Front Genet. 2014; 5 https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2014.00078

Personalised prescribing: Using pharmacogenomics to improve patient outcomes.London: RPS; 2022

Tobias JD, Green TP, Coté CJ Codeine: Time to Say “No”. Pediatrics. 2016; 138:(4) https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2396

Vanakker OM, De Paepe A Pharmacogenomics in children: advantages and challenges of next generation sequencing applications. Int J Pediatr. 2013; 2013 https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/136524

Guidelines on the management of chronic pain in children.Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022

A–Z of prescribing for children

02 December 2024
Volume 6 · Issue 12

Abstract

This series focuses on aspects of prescribing for neonates, children and young people, from A–Z. Aspects of pharmacokinetics will be considered, alongside legal considerations, consent and medications in schools

Pharmacogenomics looks at how a person's genetic make-up can affect how a body responds to medications and focuses on combining knowledge on pharmacology, pharmacokinetics and genetics. The genetics aspect centres on genes and their specific functions – known as genomics.

Every prescriber knows that there are usually some risks in prescribing medications, but some patients may not feel the full benefit of the drug or suffer different adverse drug reactions (ADRs) compared to other people (Parry and Hawcutt, 2020). Cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) often have an impact on metabolism in different drugs: these enzymes are coded by genes – and these can vary in the general population (Royal Pharmaceutical Society (RPS), 2022). Having ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’ enzymes can potentially affect how a drug could be metabolised. An individual's genetic make-up will not change over time, but the expression of that information can actually change from the neonatal period through to adolescence (Bashore and Trinkman, 2015).

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